10 spooky forces, phenomena and events that shape the surrounding space

Science has repeatedly shown how pathetic and insignificant we are. But thanks to this we were able to learn a lot about the Universe and its secrets related to the formation of different types of stars, galaxies and a variety of amazing phenomena. All this, and as a massive galaxy, destroying itself in order then to be reborn again; black holes that do not absorb, and help to form near them the stars and the electromagnetic processes, through which creates a potential food for extraterrestrial microbes – all these amazing events, phenomena and forces that make the Universe what it is.

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evaporative galaxy

Some of the first galaxies were real monsters and were producing new stars at an incredible rate. Constantly this pace cannot be sustained, so scientists have always been interested in the question, where does a new mother stock, from which we can get new stars.

Astronomers analyzed the galaxy SPT2319-55 age of 12 billion years and found out how self-regulation of growth defined by galaxies allows them to stretch the period of star formation for billions of years. It turns out that is responsible for this molecular wind zvezdoobrazovaniya gas blowing outside the galaxy at a speed of almost 800 kilometres per second. Periodically, he pushes the huge reserves of gas in large halos, where the gas is gradually returning to the galaxy, causing another burst of star formation. According to researchers, these outflows caused by either the cumulative effect of supernovae explosions, or a powerful release of energy, when part of the gas in the galaxy falls into a supermassive black hole at its center.

Scientists say that approximately 10% of the gas undergoing this wind will roll over the outer border of the galactic forever.

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Dark matter can cool the Universe

Researchers found that before the appearance of the first stars of the young universe was even colder than previously thought. And this additional cooling of the space, most likely was due to a previously unknown interaction of normal matter and the so-called dark matter. If this is indeed the case, then the first time scientists have witnessed the other effect of interaction of dark matter on the ordinary in addition to the direct gravitational effects.

Find Out in the course of the study, in which astronomers discovered a faint radio signal from the primary hydrogen gas that appeared in the early Universe just after 180 million years after the Big Bang. This discovery suggests that dark matter is much more interactive and probably is still of some particles of small mass.

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Hungry

Astronomers have studied the past of our galaxy and its environment, found that near the Milky Way about 10 billion years ago there was one galaxy, which is called Gaia-Enceladus.

The size of the galaxy Gaia-Enceladus was about 1/3 the size of the milky Way. But now the only thing left from the object with a mass of 600 million solar masses — which is about 30 000 anomalous stars located in the halo of the milky Way. Our galaxy was being swallowed whole galaxy, Gaia-Enceladus. Remaining after it in the halo of the milky Way stars are located about 33 000 light years from the Sun and rotate in the opposite direction compared to the galactic center.

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Some black holes help stars to be born

Typically a black hole is ruthless to all. They warm up, and then completely suck the life, and then swallow stars whole. However, in galactic cluster Phoenix, located about 5.7 billion light years from us, near the Central black hole are born annually about 1000 young stars. How so?

It Turns out that the active Central black hole emits two very powerful and very hot jet (relativistic jets), each of which is stretched to 82 000 light-years. However, existing in these jets of hot plasma voids allow the contained molecular gas clump and form new stars.

Scientists have found that the black hole emits enormous amounts of gas. Do you have enough material for the formation of about 10 billion suns.

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Dark matter in the cosmic flow

Dark matter may flow through the Universe with the cosmic flow. Thirty of these flows have been discovered in our milky Way, and one of them even grabs our Solar system.

Study flow, called S1, suggests that it is the remnant of a dwarf galaxy, has a mass of dark matter equivalent to the mass of 10 billion suns and moves with a speed of about 500 kilometers per second.

To Land, it is a no-brainer, but at the same time will be of great interest to researchers of dark matter in the next few million years.

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the Cosmic "fog" that contains the past of the Universe

Thanks to the analysis of radiation of more than 700 blazers scientists have found, when it was the peak of star formation in the Universe.

Blazey are galaxies, whose intense brightness will explain heats up gas, dust and stars are sucked in at their centers supermassive black holes. Unlike other types of galaxies blazey emit gamma rays that can be caught by an orbital or ground-based scientific equipment.

When particles gamma rays move through space, they may encounterwith photons of low energy that leads to the destruction of both and the emergence of fragments or "fog" in the form of subatomic particles. Scientists have found that the more blocks gamma rays, the thicker becomes this soup of photons of a particular field of the intergalactic medium and the greater the required stars for his appearance.

Through the analysis of this "photon fog", the total amount of gamma radiation and mapping distances to some blazers (they are located at a distance from 200 million to 11.6 billion light-years away), scientists were able to determine the rate of star formation for these regions. As it turned out, they cover 90 percent of the history of the entire Universe. The researchers found that the peak of star formation, the speed of which was 10 times higher than it is now, there were 9.7 to 10.7 billion years ago.

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Storms of Mars contribute to microbial life

On Mars there are perchlorates, which can be used for the production of rocket fuel and fertilizer. But more interesting is the fact that perchlorates pose a potential food source for Martian microbes.

According to studies, the production of perchlorates in the Martian soil contributes to a unique electrical environment of the Martian storms. However, we are not talking about ordinary lightning. On Mars they are not. Instead, the source of energy is an electric field created on the planet under the influence of friction on the surface of dust, rising and enveloping the whole Mars in a particularly severe storm. Discharging these fields create a glow that can be observed by scientists. The generated energy contributes to the formation of perchlorates, which could feed the microbes.

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Clash of galaxies leads to the death of stars

A Black hole can easily break apart very large stars. This process is usually called the destruction of a celestial body under the action of tide-generating forces (TDE). According to the calculations of astronomers, such events in each of the known galaxies occur every 10-100 thousand years. However, the results of a recent study aimed at examining the process of galactic collisions and mergers suggests that the death of the stars in such cases is more often.

Studied only 15 collisions of galaxies, scientists have discovered a TDE event object F01004-2237, is 1.7 billion light years from us. Typically, in the course of these intergalactic Apocalypse the core of galaxies can Shine like billions of stars, indicating the absorption of the Central supermassive black hole one of the stars that appear nearby.

The same light show awaits our milky Way when our galaxy will collide with the Andromeda galaxy. According to scientists, the flash indicating the destruction of stars by the Central black hole will occur every 10-100 years.

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High pressure creates a galaxy-jellyfish

Surprisingly, only a small percentage of black holes are active. In order to find an explanation, astronomers began to search for a very rare form of so-called galaxies, jellyfish, for which many tens of thousands of light-years stretch of bright blue tails of stars and gas. To date scientists have found only 400 vanadates in this class of galaxies, and only in six of the seven recently discovered to contain active black holes.

Astronomers explain the unusual shape of the galaxies-huge jellyfish emission of jets formed by pressure of heated gas. And the shape of these galaxies partly explains the issue with black holes. Such a high pressure that causes these galaxies to lose even the stars due to the great speed of their motion relative to galactic clusters, in which they are located. Part of the lost matter enters the center of galaxies and are gobbled up of supermassive black holes.

But even the monstrous pressure does not destroy these galaxies, since the gravitational forces that bind them, are large enough. However, in the near future all the interstellar gas in them will be expelled, which should lead to the extinction of the star formation processes.

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Unique "runaway" yellow supergiants

Astronomers have discovered a rare runaway star, moving at the speed of 500,000 kilometers per hour (this speed from earth to the moon can be reached in just 48 minutes). Running star is a yellow supergiant J01020100-7122208 located in the Small Magellanic cloud, a close neighbor of the milky Way.

According to the scientists, the star was formerly part of the dual system, however, was thrown out by the explosion of its star-companion, turned into a supernova. As a result of a tremendous amount of energy the neighbor "went on a journey" not according to his will.

After ten million years of wandering in the space when the star becomes a yellow supergiant that we are seeing today. However, her life is not so much by astronomical standards – the yellow supergiant phase lasts from 10 000 to 100 000 years. After that, the object will turn into a red supergiant, becoming on par with such stars as Betelgeuse, larger than the orbit of Mars or Jupiter. These stars eventually die, turning into a supernova.

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